Do you know what you are eating my brother??
TOXICOLOGY as they say is the oldest scientific research of mankind, for our ancestors needs to know which are the plants and animals that are safe to eat.
Poisonous Substances
Phytotoxins- Poisonous substance produced by plants.
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| Jerusalem Cherry |
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| Blue Poison Dart Frog |
Bacteriotoxins- Poisonous substance produced by 
History
2700 B.C. -China's Journals in plants and fish poisons.
1900-1200 B.C. - Egyptian had directions for preparation of more than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes.
800 B.C. - India has notes on poisons and antidotes in hindumedicine.
50-100 A.D. Greek physicians classified over 600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons.
50-400 A.D. -Romans used poisons for executions and assassinations.
-Socrates a great philosopher was executed using a poison called hemlock for teaching radical ideas to youths.
1200 A.D. Spanish Rabbi Maimonides wrote the first-aid book for poisonings entitled "Poisons and their Antidotes"
1493-1541 Swiss Physician Paracelsus was recognized as "The Father of the Modern Toxicology".
Academic Toxicology
Academic toxicologists work in universities and other educational or research establishments. Their work ranges from fascinating in-depth cutting-edge research and exciting new discoveries, to the satisfaction of passing on their expert knowledge to the next generation of toxicologists.
Regulatory Toxicology
Regulatory toxicologists help governments to formulate regulations and put them into practice. Their advice and decisions help to minimise the risk presented by chemicals which may be hazardous to human health and the environment. They may be asked questions by the public, industry, journalists and politicians, all of whom will expect clear and informative answers.
Industrial Toxicology
The industrial toxicologist plays a vital role in developing a wide range of effective and safe products including petrochemicals, medicines, pesticides, cosmetics, food and drink and household products.
Pharmaceutical Toxicology
In order to work, medicines have an effect on the body, and these types of chemical often have other undesirable (and sometimes unexpected) side effects. This makes designing safe new medicines particularly difficult.
Many new medicines fail in development because the safety concerns outweigh the benefits of the treatment so, to reduce wasted time and effort, toxicologists join the drug development team early in order to help screen out targets and chemicals that would be ultimately unsafe for use in patients. Later in drug development, toxicologists conduct a series of tests so that they can show regulators that the intended drug is safe to use for its intended application.
Occupational Toxicology
Occupational toxicologists assess the hazards and risks to health posed by chemicals encountered in the workplace.
Clinical Toxicology
Typically, the clinical toxicologist is a medically qualified graduate who has specialist knowledge of the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals in humans – and especially how to treat patients who have been exposed to a toxic substance.
Forensic Toxicology
The forensic toxicologist deals mainly with providing information to the legal system on the effects of drugs and poisons. They are often very senior toxicologists who have gained a lot of experience in other areas of toxicology first, such as analytical chemistry.
Having gathered and evaluated the available toxicological evidence, they may attend court as an expert witness to describe and explain the evidence relating to the case. These can range from simple ‘drink-driving’ cases to fatal accident, suicide and murder investigations, where deliberate or accidental poisoning is suspected.
Contract Toxicology
CRO toxicologists work with many different companies in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. As CROs conduct a wide range of studies, their toxicologists can become expert in the details of how to conduct and interpret complex studies across a range of species and dose routes.
Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology is the study of the toxic effects of chemicals on the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecotoxicologists study the immediate effect of a toxic substance on individual organisms and on species in food webs, with the ultimate aims of predicting effects on wildlife populations, ecosystems and on human food resources such as fish and shellfish.
References of Photos and Information:
http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=§ion=&global=1&q=poison+frog#/d57bw78
http://thestuffguy.deviantart.com/art/Bacteria-70960232?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=11
http://takurashein.deviantart.com/art/Bacteria-81726059?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=0
http://ebonred.deviantart.com/art/bacteria-33531523?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=8
1900-1200 B.C. - Egyptian had directions for preparation of more than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes.
800 B.C. - India has notes on poisons and antidotes in hindumedicine.
50-100 A.D. Greek physicians classified over 600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons.
50-400 A.D. -Romans used poisons for executions and assassinations.
-Socrates a great philosopher was executed using a poison called hemlock for teaching radical ideas to youths.
 |
| Socrates |
1200 A.D. Spanish Rabbi Maimonides wrote the first-aid book for poisonings entitled "Poisons and their Antidotes"
1493-1541 Swiss Physician Paracelsus was recognized as "The Father of the Modern Toxicology".
 |
| Paracelsus Memorial Stone beside the birth house of Paracelsus, Swiss. |
Toxicology Disciplines
Academic Toxicology
Academic toxicologists work in universities and other educational or research establishments. Their work ranges from fascinating in-depth cutting-edge research and exciting new discoveries, to the satisfaction of passing on their expert knowledge to the next generation of toxicologists.
Regulatory Toxicology
Regulatory toxicologists help governments to formulate regulations and put them into practice. Their advice and decisions help to minimise the risk presented by chemicals which may be hazardous to human health and the environment. They may be asked questions by the public, industry, journalists and politicians, all of whom will expect clear and informative answers.
Industrial Toxicology
The industrial toxicologist plays a vital role in developing a wide range of effective and safe products including petrochemicals, medicines, pesticides, cosmetics, food and drink and household products.
Pharmaceutical Toxicology
In order to work, medicines have an effect on the body, and these types of chemical often have other undesirable (and sometimes unexpected) side effects. This makes designing safe new medicines particularly difficult.
Many new medicines fail in development because the safety concerns outweigh the benefits of the treatment so, to reduce wasted time and effort, toxicologists join the drug development team early in order to help screen out targets and chemicals that would be ultimately unsafe for use in patients. Later in drug development, toxicologists conduct a series of tests so that they can show regulators that the intended drug is safe to use for its intended application.
Occupational Toxicology
Occupational toxicologists assess the hazards and risks to health posed by chemicals encountered in the workplace.
Clinical Toxicology
Typically, the clinical toxicologist is a medically qualified graduate who has specialist knowledge of the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals in humans – and especially how to treat patients who have been exposed to a toxic substance.
Forensic Toxicology
The forensic toxicologist deals mainly with providing information to the legal system on the effects of drugs and poisons. They are often very senior toxicologists who have gained a lot of experience in other areas of toxicology first, such as analytical chemistry.
Having gathered and evaluated the available toxicological evidence, they may attend court as an expert witness to describe and explain the evidence relating to the case. These can range from simple ‘drink-driving’ cases to fatal accident, suicide and murder investigations, where deliberate or accidental poisoning is suspected.
Contract Toxicology
CRO toxicologists work with many different companies in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. As CROs conduct a wide range of studies, their toxicologists can become expert in the details of how to conduct and interpret complex studies across a range of species and dose routes.
Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology is the study of the toxic effects of chemicals on the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecotoxicologists study the immediate effect of a toxic substance on individual organisms and on species in food webs, with the ultimate aims of predicting effects on wildlife populations, ecosystems and on human food resources such as fish and shellfish.
This is a video that shows how toxicology has been a great help to our tribes on hunting.
References of Photos and Information:
http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=§ion=&global=1&q=poison+frog#/d57bw78
http://thestuffguy.deviantart.com/art/Bacteria-70960232?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=11
http://takurashein.deviantart.com/art/Bacteria-81726059?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=0
http://ebonred.deviantart.com/art/bacteria-33531523?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=8
http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=§ion=&q=egypt#/d2ljo0
http://mr-stick.deviantart.com/art/hindu-temple-70123601?q=boost%3Apopular%20hindu&qo=1
http://www.sodahead.com/DAW/
http://apertureashley.deviantart.com/art/Altair-127377134
http://noahw.deviantart.com/art/Socrates-15664185
http://tursiart.deviantart.com/art/Apothecary-Bottles-194996784
http://tamfish.deviantart.com/art/toxicology-78714260
http://mr-stick.deviantart.com/art/hindu-temple-70123601?q=boost%3Apopular%20hindu&qo=1
http://www.sodahead.com/DAW/
http://apertureashley.deviantart.com/art/Altair-127377134
http://noahw.deviantart.com/art/Socrates-15664185
http://tursiart.deviantart.com/art/Apothecary-Bottles-194996784
http://tamfish.deviantart.com/art/toxicology-78714260
Excellent post, great images. K.I.U.
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