Saturday, 15 September 2012

Why EduBlogging Should Be Part of Every Education

Like reading, writing, and arithmetic, web blogging is both content and activity. You don’t just learn “about” reading: you learn to read. You don’t just learn “about” arithmetic: you learn to count and calculate. You don’t just learn “about” the web: you learn to make your own website. As with these other three literacies, web blogging begins simply, with basics you can build upon. For some it can lead to a profession while for most it becomes part of the conceptual DNA that helps you to understand and negotiate the world you live in.

No one would have believed that peers could contribute knowledge and advice, helping one another to learn through YouTube videos, Wikipedia, or other sites. In fact, if you go back to 2000, before any of those things existed, you cannot find accepted theories of human nature, economics, or earning that could predict that those things could and would exist in less than a decade. No one guessed Wikipedia’s success, not even its founders. We simply didn’t know that, without a work plan, a lesson plan, or a taxonomy of what “counts” as knowledge, without leadership or payments or designated roles, people--non-experts--would build the largest encyclopedia the world has ever known, because we love to share what we know with others, and we’re even willing to spend endless hours creating our own community standards, editing, and making it right.

Right now kids can go online outside of school all they want. Some schools drop iPads into the schools as if that makes kids literate. But if web blogging, including web edublogging, was adopted by every school as a fourth basic blogging, kids would not only learn how to code, they would learn about interactivity, collaboration, the melding of the artistic and the scientific, creativity, and precision. We’d also benefit from a far more diverse technology world if every boy and girl, from every economic, cultural, and national background, were learning about edublogging from the time they started school.




Sunday, 15 July 2012

Do you know what you are eating my brother??

TOXICOLOGY as they say is the oldest scientific research of mankind, for  our ancestors needs to know which are the plants and animals that are safe to eat. 

Poisonous Substances 

Phytotoxins- Poisonous substance produced by plants.

Jerusalem Cherry
Zootoxins-Poisonous substance produced by animals.
Blue Poison Dart Frog

Bacteriotoxins- Poisonous substance produced by



History

2700 B.C. -China's Journals in plants and fish poisons.


1900-1200 B.C. - Egyptian had directions for preparation of more than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes. 


800 B.C. - India has notes on poisons and antidotes in hindumedicine.


50-100 A.D. Greek physicians classified over 600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons.


50-400 A.D. -Romans used poisons for executions and assassinations.
                     -Socrates a great philosopher was executed using a poison called hemlock for teaching radical ideas to youths.
Socrates


1200 A.D. Spanish Rabbi Maimonides wrote the first-aid book for poisonings entitled "Poisons and their Antidotes"


1493-1541 Swiss Physician Paracelsus was recognized as "The Father of  the Modern Toxicology".


Paracelsus Memorial Stone beside the birth house of Paracelsus, Swiss.

Toxicology Disciplines







Academic Toxicology


 Academic toxicologists work in universities and other educational or research establishments. Their work ranges from fascinating in-depth cutting-edge research and exciting new discoveries, to the satisfaction of passing on their expert knowledge to the next generation of toxicologists. 





Regulatory Toxicology


Regulatory toxicologists help governments to formulate regulations and put them into practice. Their advice and decisions help to minimise the risk presented by chemicals which may be hazardous to human health and the environment. They may be asked questions by the public, industry, journalists and politicians, all of whom will expect clear and informative answers.


Industrial Toxicology


 The industrial toxicologist plays a vital role in developing a wide range of effective and safe products including petrochemicals, medicines, pesticides, cosmetics, food and drink and household products.


Pharmaceutical Toxicology


 In order to work, medicines have an effect on the body, and these types of chemical often have other undesirable (and sometimes unexpected) side effects. This makes designing safe new medicines particularly difficult. 


Many new medicines fail in development because the safety concerns outweigh the benefits of the treatment so, to reduce wasted time and effort, toxicologists join the drug development team early in order to help screen out targets and chemicals that would be ultimately unsafe for use in patients. Later in drug development, toxicologists conduct a series of tests so that they can show regulators that the intended drug is safe to use for its intended application.





Occupational Toxicology


 Occupational toxicologists assess the hazards and risks to health posed by chemicals encountered in the workplace.


Clinical Toxicology


Typically, the clinical toxicologist is a medically qualified graduate who has specialist knowledge of the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals in humans – and especially how to treat patients who have been exposed to a toxic substance.


Forensic Toxicology


The forensic toxicologist deals mainly with providing information to the legal system on the effects of drugs and poisons. They are often very senior toxicologists who have gained a lot of experience in other areas of toxicology first, such as analytical chemistry.


Having gathered and evaluated the available toxicological evidence, they may attend court as an expert witness to describe and explain the evidence relating to the case. These can range from simple ‘drink-driving’ cases to fatal accident, suicide and murder investigations, where deliberate or accidental poisoning is suspected. 
Contract Toxicology


CRO toxicologists work with many different companies in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. As CROs conduct a wide range of studies, their toxicologists can become expert in the details of how to conduct and interpret complex studies across a range of species and dose routes.


Ecotoxicology


Ecotoxicology is the study of the toxic effects of chemicals on the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecotoxicologists study the immediate effect of a toxic substance on individual organisms and on species in food webs, with the ultimate aims of predicting effects on wildlife populations, ecosystems and on human food resources such as fish and shellfish.


This is a video that shows how toxicology has been a great help to our tribes on hunting.



References of Photos and Information: 
http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&global=1&q=poison+frog#/d57bw78
http://thestuffguy.deviantart.com/art/Bacteria-70960232?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=11
http://takurashein.deviantart.com/art/Bacteria-81726059?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=0
http://ebonred.deviantart.com/art/bacteria-33531523?q=boost%3Apopular%20bacteria&qo=8

Saturday, 19 May 2012

What is the role of the Endocrine system in the Body?

FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: 

  • ·         It regulates the water in the blood by controlling the solute concentration.
  • ·         During delivery of the newborn the endocrine system regulates uterine contraction and it is the one that stimulates the release of milk from the breast of the mother.
  • ·         The endocrine system regulates growth, metabolism, and tissue maturation. It also helps to regulate the temperature of the body and mental functions like maturation of behavior.
  • ·         The endocrine system regulates sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in the blood.
  • ·         The endocrine system assist in regulating   the heart rate and the blood pressure and it also helps prepare the body in a physically challenged task.
  • ·          The endocrine system regulates the sugar levels and other nutrient levels in the blood.
  • ·         The endocrine system regulates the formation and actions of immune cells.
  • ·         The endocrine system controls reproductive functions of the reproductive system in males and females. 


Phot Courtesy of: 
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/06/bio101_lecture_6_physiology_re.php



Endocrine Glands
Endocrine glands also called as Ductless glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream these glands make up the Endocrine system. These are the following:


Pituitary Gland
This is the most important of all endocrine glands for this gland secretes 9 or more hormones that target other glands to stimulate these glands to release their hormones. It also directly controls the body functions, such as growth. The pituitary gland is being controlled by the hypothalamus.

Pineal gland
This is a tiny gland that secretes the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is what they call the body’s internal clock. This hormone is the reason of drowsiness at night because this hormone elevates during night and falling around midday. This is the work of the hypothalamus which relayed the variations in light levels to the pineal gland.

Thyroid gland
This gland secretes three hormones, the Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Calcitonin.
Thyroxine andTriiodothyronine increases the entire body cells metabolic rate and the pace of cell division. Calcitonin in the other hand decreases calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast which breaks down of the bone calcium.

Parathyroid glands
This gland is embedded in the posterior part of the thyroid gland . the four tiny parathyroid glands secretes the hormone  parathyroid hormone which is the opposite of the hormone calcitonin. Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast to breakdown bones that increases the calcium levels in the blood.

Thymus gland
This glands produces hormones that helps to the normal development of T-Lymphocytes and the immune response. This gland is most active in children.

Other Organs have significant areas of endocrine tissue and are also considered as endocrine organs. These are the followings:

Pancreas
The pancreas has an endocrine portion which releases insulin and glucagon. Insulin and glucagon are the ones responsible of maintaining stable blood glucose levels.

Adrenal glands
This is the hats of the kidneys. The two adrenal glands are divided into two parts. The outer cortex which secretes steroid hormones the corticosteroids that controls metabolism and reduce stress and mineralocorticoids control level of potassium and sodium in the blood. The inner adrenal medulla secretes two hormones, the adrenaline and noradrenaline, which works swiftly to help the body deal with stress and produces the ‘fight and flight’ reaction.

Ovaries and testes
These two sex organs also secretes hormones; oestrogen and progesterone by the ovaries  and testosterone by the testes that equalized or control secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates sex-cell production.


 Source:
   Books:
  • Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 5th Edition by Seeley, Stephens, and Tate
  • Guide to the human body by Richard Walker